Its mechanism is composed by a lever with a lenght (L), articulated at one of its ends, and a closed float at the other end, which provides a push (E). In the middle point we can find the obturato of the valve (V) with a specific Area (S). The liquid level activates the opening and closing of the valve.
The obturator is subjected on the one hand to the action of the push (E), transmitted from the float, and on the other hand to the operating differential pressure. Therefore, for the trap to work correctly, there must be at all times an opening push reserve (E) capable of opening the valve when it is subjected to the maximum differential closing pressure. That is to say:
E x L > P x S
For this reason, it is always necessary to take into account the discharge orifice area and the maximum working differential pressure. To evacuate large flows, a large cross-section hole is required, which requires an increase in the size of the float or the length of the lever arm and, consequently, the size of the trap.
To evacuate non-condensable gases, these traps usually incorporate a thermostatic capsule. If working with superheated steam, the capsule must be bimetallic.
To size a Float Steam trap correctly we must take into account the following aspects:
- Design Pressure and Temperature
- Maximum Working Differential Pressure
- Minimum Woking Differential Pressure
- Maximum Flow to Evacuate in Minimum Differential Pressure Conditions
- Optimal Evacuation Tempeature of the Condensate
The maximum design pressure and temperature determine the trap materials according to the instructions of each manufacturer.
The trap must be able to function properly even at the maximum working differential pressure. Please note that the Float Type Steam Traps can be blocked when the differential pressure exceeds the maximum ΔP of the trap.
The size of the trap is imposed by the maximum flow to be evacuated, including the safety factor, under conditions of minimum differential pressure. It is not advisable to use exaggerated safety coefficients as oversizing impairs the regulation function and reduces the useful life. In general, traps have an intrinsic safety factor established by each manufacturer, however, we always recommend applying a safety factor of 1.5.
When considering the discharge capacity of a steam trap, it is necessary to refer to the flow curves offered by each manufacturer. There is no uniformity in the way these curves are presented and thus, while some manufacturers offer cold flow data, others refer to flow at the boiling temperature of the condensate; The following image represents the shape of a typical flow chart.
The intrinsic safety coefficient of the traps is usually higher and the maximum cold evacuation flow is usually between 3 and 4 times higher than that corresponding to the saturation temperature, which is why the safety factor in the dimensioning of traps must be reduced.
The internal elements, shutter and seat of a steam trap are subjected to very severe working conditions that cause great wear. Therefore, the selection of the trap must guarantee the highest quality of its internals, requiring special steels of great hardness and high resistance to wear and, preferably, with its armored surface based on coatings of special materials such as Titanium Nitride, Carbide Tungsten or similar materials; in this way its useful life is considerably lengthened.
It should be noted that a more robust design and the use of special materials in the components of the purge element will entail a higher purchase price, but it will be largely offset by its greater reliability, long life and energy savings.
When very dirty or oily condensates are expected, it is preferable to install a “Y” Strainer
with drain valve just before the trap to solve any possible obstruction.
Some traps have permanent vent holes to produce automatic deaeration. This type of aerators should not be used except in those applications that require it to avoid the formation of the so-called "steam plug", such as in the draining of rotary dryer cylinders which use a siphon. In other cases, this type of venting is a source of unnecessary energy losses.
Finally, the choice of connection type can affect the appearance of future steam leaks in the installation. There is no doubt that the safest connection for leaks is the weld, although the flange offers high security and easier maintenance. In tracing installations with a large number of purging stations, the cheapest thread is usually used, but with the problem of frequent leakage through pipe fittings such as union nuts. Angular or non-standardized connections that involve dependency on a manufacturer should be avoided.
Please remember that the size of the trap is not defined by the diameter of the connection, but by the diameter of the internal orifice of its valve, which is dimensioned with the maximum flow to evacuate and the minimum available differential pressure.