There are countless times that we have been asked:
Is there a flowmeter capable of differentiating the existing water in a steam pipeline?
The answer is yes, if you have a laboratory with a tomograph which can differentiate the attenuation between the liquid and the gas by means of gamma and X-ray radiation.
But, if your flowmeter does not use tomography as a measurement method, we regret to inform you that you will not be able to measure or account for the% of water in your steam.
As we explained in a previous article, the saturated water inside a steam pipe does NOT circulate through the bottom, but can be found in two ways: in the form of a film distributed over the entire radial of the tube (section) and in the form of micro-drops in suspension.
One of the key parts of being able to measure the total mass flow of steam is being able to measure the liquid content, since wet steam can have an annular flow structure, therefore there will be drops present in the core of the flow and a film liquid of variable thickness that flows along the inner wall of the pipe; Both amounts of liquid require measurement to calculate the vapor mass flow.
To measure the quality of the steam, that is, the percentage of saturated water that exists in the steam, we have to take into account:
1. The amount of water that exists in the film spread over the entire section of the tube
2. Micro-drops in suspension.
How can we measure the amount of water in the form of film distributed over the entire radial of the pipe?
One of the most reliable ways of measuring a liquid film is by measuring changes in the rate of attenuation of photons as they pass through a material. The amount of energy the photons have will determine what behavior of the photons will be tested for results. In the case of the measurement of high-energy photons, such as gamma rays, the measurement is based on the principle of the difference in the attenuation coefficient between solids, liquids and gases, which means that radiation in the form of gamma rays and X-ray moves through solids and liquids slower than they would pass through a gas. Therefore, when the radiation beams point to a two-phase flow, the difference in the attenuation coefficient will highlight the size of the empty fractions and you will be able to select areas of high liquid content, such as film.
How are the micro-droplets in suspension in the steam measured?
As in the previous case, by Tomography. Sensors placed around the pipe detect changes in a physical signal emitted as it passes through the different phases within the flow. An algorithm like the linear retro-projection method takes this data and converts it into a set of images showing a 2D cross section of the phase density through the flow. This technique has the resolution to detect the presence of the liquid phase and also the speed of the liquid phase.
Please don't be fooled, nowadays, there is no flowmeter on the market capable of differentiating water from steam.