My temperature sensor is showing/reporting the saturation temperature of steam at the pressure I am working on (according to the P-T Steam table). We have no problems with water dragging, our steam is saturated and 100% dry!
Saying that our steam is 100% dry because the temperature corresponds to the pressure of the saturated steam, according to its table, is completely incorrect.
When the steam condenses and changes phase (from gas to liquid), as long as the pressure remains constant, the condensate will have the same temperature as the steam because only its latent heat is released, conserving its sensible heat. For this reason this water is known as “saturated water”.
It is very important to consider this aspect, since the temperature of the steam does not determinate the degree of dryness (quality) of it.
Let’s look at it with an example:
Imagine an industrial process which consumes 500 Kg/h of steam at a pressure of 3 bar (g). The steam of this process is composed by 70% dry saturated steam and 30% saturated water. As we have explained, the temperature sensor in this case will report/show a temperature of 143 ºC (the temperature of the saturated steam at 3 bar, according to its P-T table).
Imagine now the same industrial process, with the same conditions (500 Kg/h at 3 bar (g)), but this time our steam is 100% saturated and dry. The temperature sensor in this case will also report/indicate a temperature of 143 ºC.
So, where is the difference between the first and the second case? The difference lies in the thermal transfer,
that is, the heat that we have in each case. The higher the percentage of water present in the steam, the lower the thermal transfer. Why? Because the energy of the dry saturated steam (specific enthalpy) is 4.5 times higher than the saturated water.
Here below we are going to calculate the total energy of both cases:
Before proceeding with the calculations, we must know the specific enthalpy of both saturated steam and saturated water at the pressure of 3 bar (g):
Saturated Steam specific enthalpy (Hg) @ 3 bar(g) = 2.738,21 kJ/Kg
Saturated Water specific enthalpy (Hf) @ 3 bar(g) = 605,23 kJ/Kg
Case no.1 – 70% dry saturated steam + 30% saturated water
In this case, the 500 Kg/h of steam are composed by 70% of dry saturated steam and 30% of saturated water. To determine the total Energy (Enthalpy) we must calculate the Enthalpy of the saturated steam and the saturated water which, adding them, will result in the total Enthalpy (energy) that we have.
Saturated Steam Enthalpy:
500 Kg/h x 0.70
x 2.738,21 kJ/Kg = 958.373,50 kJ/h
Saturated Water Enthalpy:
500 Kg/h x 0.30
x 605,23 kJ/Kg = 90.784,50 kJ/h
Total Enthalpy = 1.049.158 kJ/h
Case no.2 – 100% dry saturated steam (0% saturated water)
In this case, the 500 Kg/h of steam are composed by 100% of dry saturated steam, meaning that there is no saturated water in any form. To determine the total Energy (Enthalpy) we must calculate the Enthalpy of the saturated steam and the saturated water which, adding them, will result in the total Enthalpy (energy) that we have. In this case, the saturated water Enthalpy will be 0.
Saturated Steam Enthalpy:
500 Kg/h x 1
x 2.738,21 kJ/Kg = 1.369.105 kJ/h
Saturated Water Enthalpy:
500 Kg/h x 0
x 605,23 kJ/Kg = 0 kJ/h
Total Enthalpy = 1.369.105 kJ/h
As you can see, although the temperature sensor in both cases is reporting a temperature of 143ºC, when our steam is saturated and 100% dry we have 319,946 kJ/h more, in other words, in the case no.1 we are losing 319,947 kJ every hour.
Please do not use the temperature as an indicator of steam quality.
Steam quality is measured with its degree of dryness, in other words, with the percentage of saturated water present in the steam which will determine its thermal transfer.